Private Interests and Social Welfare - 2341 Words

The human civilisation is composed of innumerable individuals, countless interest groups and social strata, with each of them following the fundamental instinct – striving to maximise their own well-being by obtaining as many benefits as they can and averting as much cost as possible. Unfortunately for humankind, for one to improve one’s life, competing with others is unavoidable. Competitions, by definition, means the winners get something at the expense of others. The good news is that competition among people is not a constant-sum game, that is to say, theoretically, if we can reallocate resources, rights and duties in a certain way, the humankind may benefit maximally. In the most ideal case, the self-interest of each individual and†¦show more content†¦(Book II, Chapter VII, para. 44) Different from Huang’s idea that the emperor is still superior, Rousseau’s theory about politics assumes there is an ever-righteous General Will. Rousseau’s solution to the problem is based on this belief. He argues that the General Will is the only binding force that can be exerted on the individuals, so a law bill drawn by a however intelligent legislator, which is a particular will of an individual cannot become law before being authorised by the sovereignty. (Book II, Chapter VII, para. 47) The separation of power of drawing a law bill and legislation will therefore prevent the self-interest of the legislator impeding the collective welfare. Because General Will is the aggregation of many individual wills, it is possible to verify if a law bill proposed is in line with the General Will by consulting the citizens’ opinions, e.g. by free vote. When law bills are widely supported and scrutinised by the citizens, one can be assured that the social welfare is not impeded by the legislators’ private interest. # Discussions I believe Huang’s proposal is a great advancement in China’s political history, for the pioneering idea that the emperor’s performance should be scrutinised thoroughly is raised. However, I cannot persuade myself to fully trust such a system, in which one may spot a number of weaknesses. Firstly, the â€Å"school† is merely an advisory body, rather than a body thatShow MoreRelatedMethodology - â€Å"Just Give Me a Number!† Practical Values for the Social Discount Rate1304 Words   |  6 PagesECON 172 REPORT METHODOLOGY â€Å"What weights should society apply to cost and benefits occurring in future time periods relative to the present period?† INTRAGENERATIONAL DISCOUNTING * Consumption rate of interest cum shadow price of capital method (CRI-SPC Method) * The level of public investment should be based on individual preference for present consumption vs. future consumption * The marginal rate of time preference * Investment is simply a means of using resourcesRead MoreThe Child Welfare System That Could Benefit From Technological Advancements1135 Words   |  5 PagesSOCIETAL CONCERNS There are so many aspects of the child welfare system that could benefit from technological advancements the societal concerns revolve around priorities. Between educational consistency, funding, caseloads, connectedness and training society needs to consider which aspect should be addressed first that will most significantly impact the best interests of the child. If case workers are tasked with providing additional services, this may increase turnover and decrease the qualityRead MoreThe Right to Strike: Policies, Ethics, and Labor Unions901 Words   |  4 Pagesprogressives in American society. Classical liberals (conservatives), with their ethics based on the concepts of John Locke and Adam Smith, assert that the social contract between the people and the state protects the individual rights of life, liberty and property, but beyond that autonomous individuals should be left to pursue their own interests with minimal interference from the state of society. For this reason, they would deny the right of collective organizations like unions to control personalRead MorePrivate Suffering, Private Gaining And Private Investments780 Words   |  4 Pagesthe fact that national savings and investments are directly related to changes to one or all of the following, private savings, private capital investments or private trade balance. Although national borrowing can complete with private investment, the Ricardian equivalence suggests that budget deficits and be corrected by private spending and budget surplus can be corrected with private borrowing. However that has only been proven to be partially true in specific examples. Chapter 19 covers globalRead More America Needs to Invest the Social Security Trust Fund Essay example799 Words   |  4 PagesAmerica Needs to Invest the Social Security Trust Fund Our nation ensures social welfare through Social Security. However, the United States cannot ensure the welfare of its own welfare system. To save Social Security, Americans in general do not favor an increase in the payroll tax, a cut in benefits or an increase in the retirement age. Furthermore, Americans are relying upon Social Security as their sole source of income at increasingly alarming rates. Social Security is intended to supplementRead MoreWelfare Marijuana Of Our Society1303 Words   |  6 PagesWelfare -The Cannabis of Our Society Welfare has been a major controversy in the realm of social policy for many years. Welfare has become a fundamental part of everyday life for many families. The present state of Welfare does not encourage job growth, reduce poverty, or reduce dependence on governmental aid in the United States despite its work relief elements and large governmental programs. Currently the United States’ Welfare system is being abused by its members and it should be monitoredRead MoreHow Privatization of Education May Be Possible1360 Words   |  5 Pagesopportunities by some. His criticism includes the notions that 1. Social returns to education are below private returns; he likens the scenario to that of the Tragedy of the Commons, where our behavior, inadvertently, negatively affects others. He also mentions that those who prefer to put their tax dollars to other uses (i.e. other than funding of education) are adversely impacted or prohibited from acquiring entitlements and social welfare suffers. The allocation of tax revenue to education, in otherRead More Is Taxation is Theft? Essay1037 Words   |  5 Pagesauthorizing the taking of private property. Sometimes depicted as ‘theft’ by those who are subject to taxation, the accusation is commonly based on the sentiment what do I get from it? However, one chooses to live in a democratic welfare state and to take up the services society has to offer the individual; the argument of free-will is combated here by the necessities of the individual. Often misunderstood by the tax-paying individual, taxation is not solely a legal obligation, but a social obligation as well;Read MoreMarxism And Socialism Essay1429 Words   |  6 Pageslimitations of democratic socialism in achieving Marxist socialism. In the UK democratic socialism has bought about universal suffrage and increased social equality though greater access to education, healthcare, and the welfare state. However, democratic socialism differs from M arxian scientific socialism in that it does not wish to abolish private property, or create a classless society. Furthermore, it is not a teleological stage towards the communism Marx predicted. This essay aims to prove thatRead MoreEducation Policies And The Greens1690 Words   |  7 Pages Social wellbeing is contingent upon equitable social policy addressing all varieties of demographics and needs. One highly contested social policy issue in Aotearoa is that of tertiary education. Tertiary education policies are proposed by multiple parties, however the most contentious of these can be drawn from the Greens and ACT who hold highly opposing social wellbeing ideologies. Essentially, to reveal binary oppositions between these policies, market and state ideologies must be considered

Abortion is Murder Essay - 506 Words

In this paper I plan on showing you my point of view as well as the opposite point of view using a point by point basis. Each paragraph will be a statement from the opposite point of view and then my rebuttal. The pro-choice side of this argument says that abortion should be kept legal for cases in which the baby’s birth endangers the life of the mother. This is an argument that is basically trying to create sympathy among uneducated voters to try to woo them to the pro-choice side of the argument and to elect pro-choice politicians. This is a dirty trick because they are fighting a battle that has already been won, because even in pre-legalized times in states that prohibited abortion such as Texas there were exceptions made for†¦show more content†¦This argument is used to give the pro-choice argument a moral backing. This is because the pro-choice argument has no real moral backing. This is because they basically stand for the right to kill and there is no way to r eally give this argument a moral background. The pro-choice argument also states that abortion should be kept legal for all of the rape and incest pregnancies. In truth in a study that was conducted polled 1,000 rape victims none of which had had a pregnancy result of their to say the least unfortunate situation. Finally the the pro-choice argument rests on the fundamental opinion that a fetus is not a person. Because if it were a person than that would be murder which obviously is illegal in the United States. This is mostly an opinion question buy there are some facts to base you decision. The fetus starts its heart beat around the eighteenth day and the brain develops around the 5 week. Currently the baby is legally aborted around the 6th month. Finally the pro-choice side of the argument seems to always be saying that it is the woman’s body to do with as she pleases. The pro-life argument states that it isn’t the woman’s body that she is killing it nor is it the woman’s life that is being destroyed. It also states this example of a less controvertible. Do we legalize Drugs because it is the individualsShow MoreRelatedAbortion Is Murder1062 Words   |  4 Pages ABORTION IS MURDER â€Å"There are nearly 1.2 million abortions performed in the United States each year† (Operation Rescue, 2014). That was 1.2 million innocent lives that were ended before they even had a chance to begin. Abortion has been legal for decades now, and it is time to put a stop to all the murdering of unborn children. This senseless killing of an unborn child needs to be recognized for what it truly is, and that is legalized murder. Abortions should be made illegal in the United StatesRead MoreAbortion: Is It Murder?1524 Words   |  7 PagesAbortion is an extremely controversial issue and one that many people can have very strong feelings for on both sides of the debate. Those who support abortion rights argue that it is a woman’s choice what to do with her body. Although, the unborn baby inside a woman is still a person living, and terminating that pregnancy is the same thing as murder. No one should have the choice to commit murder. Abortion is honestly wrong because t he laws prohibiting abortion help to keep people from playing GodRead MoreIs Abortion A Murder?3072 Words   |  13 Pages Abortion is Murder Numerous times throughout the past, a woman has wept herself to sleep or woke up in the middle of the night with horrible panic attacks that she cannot seem to overcome. She lives with such guilt and wonders what life would be like today if only she had made a different choice. Life is full of choices, and unfortunately people sometimes make choices that will haunt them for the rest of their lives. The saddest part is that many times we allow other people to influence the choicesRead More Abortion is Not Murder Essay1202 Words   |  5 PagesAbortion is Not Murder Is abortion murder?   Murder is defined as illegal killing with malice aforethought. Abortion fails this definition for two reasons. First, abortion is not illegal, and second, there is no evidence to suggest that expecting mothers feel malice towards their own flesh and blood. Not all killing is murder, of course. Murder is actually a small subset of all killing, which includes accidental homicide, killing in self-defense, suicide, euthanasia, etc. When pro-lifeRead MoreAbortion is a Murder Essay721 Words   |  3 Pageson-going subject that has been greatly debated in our society is abortion. Many people argue that because the baby in the mother’s womb is not alive, aborting him or her is not considered a murder. However, others say that as the baby’s heart and brain are the first things to develop, the baby is technically alive and killing it would be a murder. As soon as the baby has a heartbeat, it has life. Abortion has many characteristics of a murder, including the killing of one human being by another, it’s unethicalRead MoreAbortion Is Murder Essay1300 Words   |  6 Pages The topic of abortion is an extremely controversial issue in todays society, there are many separate views on the morality of it . Abortion is defined as the deliberate termination of a human pregnancy (â€Å"Abortion†). In other words, it is the murder of an unborn child. Throughout the past there has been several court cases related to abortion, in attempt to resolve the debate. For example, Roe v. Wade declared that unborn children are neither ‘persons’ nor are they entitledRead MoreAbortion: Murder or Necessity766 Words   |  4 PagesAbortion: Murder or Necessity Abortion is defined as the termination of pregnancy by the removal or expulsion from the uterus of a fetus or embryo before it is viable. An abortion can occur spontaneously, in which case it is usually called a miscarriage, or it can be purposely induced. Abortion, when induced in accordance with the local law, is among the safest procedures in medicine. However, unsafe abortions (those performed by persons without proper training or outside of a medical environment)Read MoreAbortion Is Not The Murder Of An Infant1507 Words   |  7 Pagesdifferent perspective on abortion. The first written works of Christianity states â€Å"You shall not kill the embryo by abortion and shall not cause the newborn to perish.† In the early Christianity, abortion was prohibited. The early church leader who had agreed on abortion stated: â€Å"that if an abortion was performed to hide the consequences of fornication and adultery, then it was a sin that required penance.† This lit the sp arks between Christians on whether abortion was considered a murder or not. â€Å"St.AugustineRead MoreShould Abortion Be Murder?868 Words   |  4 PagesAbortion is Murder Have you ever lost a loved one or someone that meant a lot to you? If so, how did that make you feel? I’m sure you felt heartbroken or lost and you didn’t know what you were going to do. Imagine how you would feel if you were trying to bring a loved one into this world but you couldn’t. It wasn’t because you didn’t want to, it’s was because you were physically not able to. There are many women who want to have kids and make their family grow but because of their health issues theyRead MoreAbortion Is An Act Of Murder? Essay1271 Words   |  6 Pagesmother’s womb when the mothers decide to have an abortion. There is much controversy regarding abortion as a whole. Abortion is a procedure that terminates any pregnancy (Dictionary.com). When discussing abortion, some would say the beginning of life started once an infant took his or her first breath during delivery and others would say life began the second they were formed in its motherà ¢â‚¬â„¢s womb. Based on either viewpoint, is abortion considered an act of murder? A pro-abortionist considers life to begin

Pilkingtons Organizational Change Process - myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about thePilkingtons Organizational Change Proces for Modification. Answer: Introduction Organizational change is the modification and redesigning of management structures to adapt and survive against competition and other forces by making the organization more efficient and effective. On the other hand organizational development is alignment of organizational processes to align them with the changing environment that they operate in. the business environment dynamic requiring strategies to keep the business going (Bradford Burke, 2005). Pilkington has chosen to undergo organizational change and development due to internal and external forces with the environment that it operates in. This report highlights Pilkington change process through analyzing the causes of change and the whole change process. Factors that moved Pilkington towards change Change within the organization can be caused by both internal and external factors. Internal factors for change are caused by the need to change the structure of the organization to improve business processes(George, 2007). The need to improve the organization by adopting new business practices and management styles led to organizational changes within Pilkington as a way of developing new business competencies to catch up with the ever-changing environment. The organization was operating on an old system that had been in place for the last few years and the employees were old. These changes were therefore, transformation periods that led to solutions to internal management challenges that were being witnessed. External factors of change exist outside the organization and are caused by the need for the organization to create new competencies for competition. Pilkington external changes were caused by competition from overseas competitors who caused external pressure on its business operation. The need to accommodate diversity and compete in a global environment led to the need for organizational change. Lewins model of change suggests that an organization is an open system which experiences forces that fight and resist change at the same time (Rizescu Tileaga, 2016). Change occurs when the factors for change overcome the resisting factors. Change process phases at Pilkington Phases of change will vary depending on the focus and nature of the change itself. The process of change in Pilkington took three phases. Phase one was based on the need to refine the organizational structure in readiness for the changes that will occur. This entailed restructuring of the organizational structure of the traditional hierarchy system to an inverted system that allowed for bottom-up communication. This can be seen as the unfreezing phase from the Lewins model of change. Here Pilkington identified the major areas that need restructuring and preparing the organization for radical changes to come. Functional theory emphasis stability as a way of adapting to new changes in the environment. Pilkington developed phase one of its changes as a way of adapting to the internal and external factors of change. Phase two was the refinement of the organization to achieve harmony and efficiency. This is related to the moving plan of the Lewins model where new goals are set, resources allocated to the change action and plans set on how the process will be executed(Schultz Ellen, 2006). This was implemented through several changes in organizational programs like changes in the training program, and development a consultative management style. This face was characterized by problem-solving which sought to provide solutions for previous challenges and vision orientation which entailed aligning the organization towards a new vision. However, this was met by different resistance levels since employees were not consulted in any of the processes. The last phase was a revolutionary one based on the employment strike that was witnessed after the second phase. Lewin calls this the freezing stage where change has to be achieved through developing strategies for meeting change. The strike led to investigations into employee challenges that led to the formation of new rules that regulate members leading new behaviour and improved relations between management and employees. This phase led to new agreements and policies that guided employees and even disciplinary mechanisms put in place for managing such behaviors. Type of organizational culture problems at Pilkington Hartnell, Ou, Kinicki (2011) state that organizational culture includes values and behaviors that are attributed to a unique social environment within the organization. Organizational culture enables employees to develop cultural traits that will be inculcated in new members when recruited and highly utilized at work. Pilkington was struggling with the employee performance culture that was based on overtime allowances. Employees were working less during normal hours to create work for overtime. This go-slow was intentional rather than process wise thus becoming and extra expense to the organization since output was slow and overtime costs had increased. This cultural problems had been caused by the traditional hierarchical structure of management that was based more on instruction and orders rather than leadership(Luthans Doh Jonathan, 2015). This led to resistance to work. The culture was changed through inverting the traditional management structure to a more consultative style o f management that allowed employees to take part in business processes. Further, teams were used to increase output as a way of achieving better results. Reconfiguration of the production process from individuals to teams led to encourage participation and involvement of all employees in the production process. Motivation in the organization Employee motivation entails intrinsic and extrinsic strategies put in place to improve internal drive and action of employees towards work. This leads to development of psychological forces that push employees behaviors towards the intended organizational direction(Fernandez Pitts David, 2007). Pilkington used to training and monetary incentives to motivate its employees. The employees were not driven by the passion for work but rather material benefits that they received at work. Overtime was compensated well and thus employees developed a go-slow culture during working hours to get overtime incentives. Further, trainings that took place in the organization were not need-based thus leading to sessions for employees to be off work without benefiting anything. Resistance to These changes was highly witnessed in the organization leading to a ten days strike that led to lose of 10 million. Bovey Hede (2001) argue that organizational change causes change in the status quo which leads t o reaction from employees. Ways to overcome resistance to change Employee resistance to change is normal since change causes stability at one point in the organization. The need to maintain status quo and the fear of what change may bring leads to resistance on new strategies for change(Agboola Aalawu, 2011). One way to overcome resistance to change is employee engagement. This allows employees to suggest better ways of inducing change and also the major areas that need to be restructured. Organizations that involve employees in decision-making and restructuring have lower resistance levels. After involving employee, new strategies were put in place by management in Pilkington that led to successful change. Habib Shah (2013) add that organizations can overcome resistance through positive motivation. This entails putting structures in place that can make employees see the benefits in change. This entails adequate training on new system restructuring and ways to improve workplace. This allows employees to appreciate and accept new changes (Serban Iorga, 2016). When employees are involved through training, they understand the needs of the organization and their needs thus seeking a balance between them to accept change and move on. How Pilkington attempted to undertake change in the organizational structure The organizational structure in Pilkington was one of the major challenges that the organization was going through. The traditional hierarchical structure needed to be changed to allow for an inverted structure that will empower employees more. The new structure promoted upward communication and prevented conflict between management and subordinates. Through reconfiguring of the production process, employees were put in teams that ensured support for each other to increase efficiency. Salas, Shuffler, Thayer, Bedwell, Lazzara (2014) argue that team work leads to emergent states and processes of work performance that increase efficiency and effectiveness. From a systems theory perspective, teams are part of the whole system where each member plays a part that is important in the operation of the whole system. Teams allow members to understand their role in the organization and the effect that their work and effort plays to the organization thus creating stronger and reliable teams(Be al, 2003). Pilkington new structure gave teams autonomy to handle their tasks and report results rather than have someone make plans, decisions and set targets for them. Habib (2013) suggests that rrestructuring has to occur both at the company level and at the level of parts within the organization. One way of restructuring is making changes in organizational policies to address gaps that have caused system inefficiencies. Through changes in training and work safety policies, the organization was restructured to reduce accidents and trainings were need-based. The focus of the organization was result delivery through efficiency rather than command. Efficiency ensured that lost work days were reduced and employees got proper trainings. This was initially resisted but after consultations, employees agreed to adopt the new changes in the structure. Conclusion Organizational change is inevitable since organizations operate in an ever-changing environment. Whether evolutionary or revolutionary, management must be prepared for organization change as a way of keeping abreast with the globally changing business environment. Management as a field is slowly changing leading to new concepts that are used to ensure system efficiency. Managers must accommodate the needs of employees when design organizational change strategies like restructuring. It is evident that employee involvement in change solves bigger problems and reduces resistance to change. Therefore, change is a process that leads to better organizational outcomes if the changes are properly planned and instituted in the organization. From the case study and literature, it is evident that change needs to be slow and must accommodate all the parts of the organization to reduce conflict between them. References Agboola, A., Aalawu, R. O. (2011). Managing Deviant Behavior and Resistance to Change. International Journal of Business Management, 6(1), 235-242. Beal, D. J. (2003). Cohesion and performance in groups: A meta-analytic clarification of construct relations. Jo. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(6), 989-1004. Bovey, W. H., Hede, A. (2001). Resistance to organizational change: the role of cognitive and affective processes. Leadership Organization Development Journal, 22(8), 372-382. Bradford, D., Burke, W. (2005). Organization Development. San Francisco: Pfeiffer. Fernandez, S., Pitts David, W. (2007). Under What Conditions Do Public Managers Favor and Pursue Organizational Change? American Review of Public Administration, 37(3), 324-32. George, J. M. (2007). Understanding and Managing Organizational Change. New York: Pearson Edcation Inc. Habib, M. N. (2013). nderstanding Critical Success and Failure Factors of Business Process Approaches and Applications,. 3rd Asia-Pacific Business Research Conference. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia . Habib, M. N., Shah, A. (2013). usiness Process Reengineering: Literature Review of Approaches and Applications, . Conferece Paper at Proceedings of 3rd Asia-Pacific Business Research Conference. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia . Hartnell, C. A., Ou, A. Y., Kinicki, A. (2011). Organizational Culture and Organizational Effectiveness: A Meta-Analytic Investigation of the Competing Values Framework's Theoretical Suppositions. Journal of Applied Psychology. Luthans, F., Doh Jonathan, P. (2015). International Management, Culture, Strategy and Behavior (9th ed.). Mc Graw Hill. Rizescu, A., Tileaga, C. (2016). Factors influencing continuous organisational change. Journal of Defense Resources Management, 7(2), 139-144. Salas, E., Shuffler, M. L., Thayer, A. L., Bedwell, W. L., Lazzara, E. H. (2014). Understanding and improving team work in organizations: a scientifically based practical guide. Human Resource Management. Schultz, D. P., Ellen, S. (2006). Psychology and work today: and introduction to industrial and organizational psychology. Upper Saddle River: Prentice Hall. SERBAN, A., IORGA, C. (2016). Employee resistance to organizational change through managerial reengineering . proceedings of the 10th nternational management conference , (pp. 366-374). Ucharest, Romania.